Period 3

About This Map

This is a No-FAQ Zone, still heavily under construction.

The Butterfly Effect

-- TASTE - Transcendent and Spiritual Experiences of Scientists

"Some years ago on a fine March morning in Tucson, Arizona, I suddenly found myself flying through the air. This unexpected flight was neither a dream nor a virtual experience. No subjective impression deluded me nor was it a biochemical hallucination; I was quite literally flying. The air about was warm and sunny and full with the sweetly piquant perfume of lemon blossoms. Like spring butterflies, a few white clouds-so fresh and clean that one's throat ached to see them-graced the brows of the Santa Catalina mountains to the north.

Why was I flying through the air? The short answer is that moments earlier my bicycle and I had been hit by a truck..." --Alwyn Scott, TASTE, The Archives of Scientists' Transcendent Experiences; read more on cite

Playing God in the Galapagos

--ETC Group Communique (formerly RAFI)

"...Issue: A global maritime microbe-hunting expedition launched by J. Craig Venter of human genome mapping fame threatens to turn a nation's biomaterials from public domain goods into patentable, private commodities. Although the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives (IBEA) - one of Venter's three non-profit institutes and the one leading the initiative - has promised not to patent the raw microbes it collects and sequences, patents could be claimed on modified microbes or on new life forms engineered from the collected microbes. ... Venter's ocean odyssey poses ethical and ecological issues about emerging technologies that can create human-made species. The maverick US biologist's expedition has already discovered more new genes than scientists knew to exist including nearly 800 photoreceptor genes that convert sunlight to energy. Venter's team is also collecting microbes that survive and thrive in harsh environments (extremophiles) such as in volcanoes or hot sulfur vents on the ocean floor. ... As fascinating as the IBEA initiative is, it challenges national sovereignty and raises more doubts about the already problematic access and benefit-sharing work of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).(2) More significantly, Venter's work poses ethical and environmental concerns about the use of biodiversity to build new life forms from scratch. ..." --ETC Group Communique, "Playing God in the Galapagos"; read more on cite

"Voodoo Science"

Book Review: "Voodoo Science:The Road from Foolishness to Fraud"
--Maxfield Rainforth, PhD; reviewer

"Scientists are not generally renowned for communicating their ideas in plain English to lesser mortals. But Robert Park, a highly credentialed physicist and member of the scientific establishment, is also chief lobbyist for the American Physical Society and a writer of op-ed pieces. No ordinary scientist, Park has apparently discovered a formula for writing a popular book about science: find a parade of scientists and inventors whose ideas are controversial, add sarcasm, innuendo and a whiff of scandal — and bingo, you’ve got a moneymaker.

Fortunately for Professor Park, there is no shortage of individuals and ideas that are not accepted by mainstream science, and who are readily prosecuted by his quick wit. .." --Maxfield Rainforth, PhD; reviewing "Voodoo Science"; read more on cite

"From the Eye of the Storm"

A View from the Eye of the Storm
Talk Delivered by Haim Harari, April, 2004

"As you know, I usually provide the scientific and technological “entertainment” in our meetings, but, on this occasion, our Chairman suggested that I present my own personal view on events in the part of the world from which I come. I have never been and I will never be a Government official and I have no privileged information. My perspective is entirely based on what I see, on what I read and on the fact that my family has lived in this region for almost 200 years. You may regard my views as those of the proverbial taxi driver, which you are supposed to question, when you visit a country.

I could have shared with you some fascinating facts and some personal thoughts about the Israeli-Arab conflict. However, I will touch upon it only in passing. I prefer to devote most of my remarks to the broader picture of the region and its place in world events. I refer to the entire area between Pakistan and Morocco, which is predominantly Arab, predominantly Moslem, but includes many non-Arab and also significant non-Moslem minorities.

Why do I put aside Israel and its own immediate neighborhood? Because Israel and any problems related to it, in spite of what you might read or hear in the world media, is not the central issue, and has never been the central issue in the upheaval in the region. Yes, there is a 100 year-old Israeli-Arab conflict, but it is not where the main show is. ..." Haim Harari, Jim Lynch's Soapbox Blog; read more on cite

Industrial Ecology; An Environmental Agenda for Industry

Industrial Ecology; An Environmental Agenda for Industry

"...Operating on a global scale brings problems at a global level. The environmental issues now facing industry are no longer focused simply on local toxic impacts -- although these remain potentially serious. There are now unindended effects on the total global environment, of which global warming and ozone depletion may be only the most visible of a multitude of adverse symptoms.

The emerging environmental challenge requires a technical and management approach capable of addressing problems of global scope... We still know too little about the adaptive capacity of the natural environment as a whole to predict confidently how it will react to continuing industrialization...

...The aim of this paper is to introduce and discuss the concept of industrial ecology as the best available candidate for this needed conceptual framework. In essence, industrial ecology involves designing industrial infrastructures as if they were a series of inter-locking man-made ecosystems interfacing with the natural global ecosystem. Industrial ecology takes the pattern of the natural environment as a model for solving environmental problesm, creating a new paradigm for the industrial system in the process. This is "biomimetic" design on the largest scale, and represents a decisive reorientation from conquering nature -- which we have effectively already done -- to cooperating with it..." --Hardin Tibbs, "Industrial Ecology; An Environmental Agenda for Industry"; read pdf on cite

History of Climate Change

--Spencer Weart

"...The scientists who labored to understand the Earth's climate discovered that many factors influence it. Everything from volcanoes to factories shape our winds and rains. The scientific research itself was shaped by many influences, from popular misconceptions to government funding, all happening at once. A traditional history would try to squeeze the story into a linear text, one event following another like beads on a string. Inevitably some parts are left out. Yet for this sort of subject we need total history, including all the players — mathematicians and biologists, lab technicians and government bureaucrats, industrialists and politicians, newspaper reporters and the ordinary citizen. This Web site is an experiment in a new way to tell a historical story. Think of the site as an object like a sculpture or a building. You walk around, looking from this angle and that. In your head you are putting together a rounded representation, even if you don't take the time to inspect every cranny. That is the way we usually learn about anything complex. ..." --Spencer Weart, "A Hyperlinked History of Climate Change"; read more on cite

A Quantum Explanation of Sheldrake's Morphic Resonance

----Amit Goswami, The Online Bulletin of Science Within Consciousness,

"... morphogenesis has overtones of teleology--the idea that some final purpose is driving the system--to many, and the biologist Rupert Sheldrake has injected new principles in the old idea of morphogenetic fields to incorporate teleology, non-locality, and downward causation. His morphogenetic fields are purposive and non-local. They are not material, they are capable of downward causation in matter through a new principle called "morphic resonance." According to Sheldrake, as soon as a new form comes about, it sets up its own field which is continually reinforced with its ongoing replication, thus explaining the memory exhibited in morphogenesis. However, there is the question of the source of the morphogenetic fields that resonate with matter, an implicit dualism.

The purpose of this essay is to show that although dualistic in its original form, Sheldrake's ideas can be given sound footing on the basis of quantum principles applied in the conceptualization of the living cell within the context of a new science, science within consciousness, a science based on the primacy of consciousness.

I will first engage in a brief review and critique of Sheldrake's theory. Next I will take up the necessity of a new formulation of biology within the primacy of consciousness and indicate how Sheldrake's theory is a precursor and a special case of this new theory. ..." --Amit Goswami, The Online Bulletin of Science Within Consciousness, read more on cite

Local Government Sustainability Actions

-- International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI)

"The global challenges of water, sanitation, and human settlements are inextricably linked. Local government plays an important role in providing these basic services and many have already implemented innovative programs to address water, sanitation, and human settlement challenges in their communities.

The following nine case summaries present a range of approaches used by local governments to improve water efficiency and water quality, increase access to proper sanitation, sustainably dispose of sewage waste, provide citizens with sustainable and affordable housing, integrate informal settlements in the city, and improve air quality...."-- International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) read more on cite

Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research

cell.06

Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research - Goals

"...Beyond its scientific impact and its technological applications, clear evidence of an active role of consciousness in the establishment of reality holds sweeping implications for our view of ourselves, our relationship to others, and to the cosmos in which we exist. These, in turn, must inevitably impact our values, our priorities, our sense of responsibility, and our style of life. Integration of these changes across the society can lead to a substantially superior cultural ethic, wherein the long-estranged siblings of science and spirit, of analysis and aesthetics, of intellect and intuition, and of many other subjective and objective aspects of human experience will be productively reunited. ..." PEAR Laboratories; read more on cite

Global Gap in Biodiversity Protection

cell.06

More Than 300 Critically Endangered Species Completely Unprotected, New Study Shows

"At least 300 Critically Endangered (CR) – as well as at least 237 Endangered (EN) and 267 Vulnerable (VU) – bird, mammal, turtle and amphibian species have no protection in any part of their ranges, according to the most comprehensive peer-reviewed analysis of its kind....The “global gap analysis” authors state that a major shift in conservation planning is required to avoid large-scale species extinctions over the next few decades...." Conservation International, read more on cite

World Water Development Report

U.N. World Water Assessment Programme

"The World Water Development Report (WWDR) is a periodic, comprehensive review giving an authoritative picture of the state of the world's freshwater resources, and aiming to provide decision-makers with the tools for sustainable use of our water.

"Coordinated by the World Water Assessment Programme, the Report is the result of the collaboration of twenty-three UN agencies and convention secretariats and lays the foundations for regular, system-wide monitoring and reporting by the UN, together with development of standardized methodologies and data.

"The first edition of this report, Water for People, Water for Life, was launched on World Water Day (March 22nd) at the Third World Water Forum in Kyoto, Japan ..." --UN World Water Assessment Programme; read this on cite

Air Quality Research at SAGE

--SAGE - Sustainability and the Global Environment

"Energy use, transportation, forest fires, and a range of other natural and human activites emit chemicals into the atmosphere and are associated with risks to health, agricultural productivity, natural ecosystems, and man-made structures. Researchers at SAGE are working to improve understanding of the emission sources, chemical processes, and transport pathways of gas and aerosol species. Our work focuses on ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM) -- which are both regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as primary pollutants, and are both transported by the atmosphere across regional to hemispheric scales.

At SAGE, we use mathematical models of the atmosphere to describe the chemistry and physics of air pollution transport. These models are powerful tools to evaluate how emissions in one area can affect air quality downwind, and to test what-if scenarios in a “virtual” atmosphere. ..." --SAGE, Sustainability and the Global Environment read more on cite

Wi-Fi's Fifteen Minutes

--Jason Bradbury

"Many of you will have just witnessed my Wi-Fi item on The Gadget Show (Channel 5, UK TV). If Wi-Fi's fifteen minutes of fame has pricked your interest feel free to zip around my site and check out the posts, many of which relate to this burgeoning technology.

"The pic on the right is of my Wi-Fi enabled 'second hand' laptop. Wi-Fi doesn't need a cutting edge computer to plug into. That means you can dust off your old first gen Pentium, whack in a Wi-Fi card and you're good to go. The laptop featured here is a four year old IBM Thinkpad. It was spruced up for a magazine article I did on 'Wi-Fi on the cheap' . I'll be uploading the full article and pics soon.

"The most exciting thing about Wi-Fi is not the cable free offices or front rooms, but the fact that it gives broadband benefactors like me the chance to open up the air waves and do something benevolent with technology. For example, that was my flat you saw in the show tonight (this morning, if you’ve just seen the Weds 09.30 repeat); that's my garden, my girlfriend’s scooter and my laptop. The office, kitchen and garden were only able to offer consistent wire free internet connectivity by virtue of my 'open' 'Access Point' (the base station thingy that plugs into the broadband internet socket in my lounge and then broadcasts its connectivity in a 50m circumference). It's 'open' because I chose to turn encryption off and let anyone connect to it. My buddy Jed on the second floor of the building has done the same and Rich on the top floor has also joined the 'free' Wi-Fi party. As a result, you can get wireless broadband via any one of three connections, in the street outside, in any of the flats and in the garden (I used one of them to connect to the net while on the scooter featured in the show).

"Several of our neighbours log in and out of our connections and are permitted free broadband internet simply because of Wi-Fi and our own benevolent nature (Don’t worry, I find room to be petty and selfish is many other ways).

"For more examples of Wi-Fi’s benign community spirit you could try this article about a free wireless internet project in London's East End or check out the work of Seattle Wirless TV a group of crazy geek Americans who produce regular Wi-Fi related streaming video content. You might also be interested in Wi-Fi Meet up a gang of enthusiasts who organise wireless mobbing events. And for a comprehensive list of Wi-Fi hot spots near you, check out..." --Jason Bradbury, Moblog; read this on cite

The Birth of "The Metaweb" -- The Next Big Thing

The Birth of "The Metaweb" -- The Next Big Thing -- What We are All Really Building

"Originally developed at Netscape, a new technology called RSS has risen from the dead to ignite the next-evolution of the Net. RSS represents the first step in a major new paradigm shift -- the birth of "The Metaweb." The Metaweb is the next evolution of the Web -- a new layer of the Web in fact -- based on "microcontent." Microcontent is a new way to publish content that is more granular, modular and portable than traditional content such as files, Web pages, data records, etc.

"On the existing Web, information is typically published in large chunks -- "sites" comprised of "pages." In the coming microcontent-driven Metaweb, information will be published in discrete, semantically defined "postings" that can represent an entire site, a page, a part of a page, or an individual idea, picture, file, message, fact, opinion, note, data record, or comment.

"Metaweb postings can be hosted like Web pages in particular places and/or they can be shipped around the Net using RSS in a publish-subscribe manner. Webloggers for example create microcontent every time they post to their blogs. Each blog posting is a piece of microcontent. End-users can subscribe to get particular pieces of microcontent they are interested in by signing up to track "RSS channels" using "RSS Readers" that poll those channels periodically for new pieces of microcontent.

"RSS resembles traditional "publish and subscribe" except that it scales to the entire Internet and is based on new XML open standards. Unlike "push technology" RSS and the microcontent model is based instead on "pull" -- just like the Web itself -- RSS Readers periodically poll sources for new RSS content and pull it down instead of having it pushed at them. Thus, unlike push technology, with RSS the control is in the hands of opt-in end-users. These differences, combined with RSS's use of open HTTP protocols and XML/RDF formats have led to rapid adoption and viral spread of RSS technologies -- principally within the Weblogging and information services communities. But that's about to change. ..." --Nova Spivack, Minding the Planet; read more on cite

Public Choice Theory

--Jane S. Shaw

"Public choice theory is a branch of economics that developed from the study of taxation and public spending. It emerged in the fifties and received widespread public attention in 1986, when James Buchanan, one of its two leading architects (the other was his colleague Gordon Tullock), was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics. Buchanan started the Center for Study of Public Choice at George Mason University, and it remains the best-known locus of public choice research. Others include Florida State University, Washington University (St. Louis), Montana State University, the California Institute of Technology, and the University of Rochester.

"Public choice takes the same principles that economists use to analyze people's actions in the marketplace and applies them to people's actions in collective decision making. Economists who study behavior in the private marketplace assume that people are motivated mainly by self-interest. Although most people base some of their actions on their concern for others, the dominant motive in people's actions in the marketplace—whether they are employers, employees, or consumers—is a concern for themselves. Public choice economists make the same assumption—that although people acting in the political marketplace have some concern for others, their main motive, whether they are voters, politicians, lobbyists, or bureaucrats, is self-interest. In Buchanan's words the theory "replaces... romantic and illusory... notions about the workings of governments [with]... notions that embody more skepticism." ..." --Jane S. Shaw, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, Journal of Economics and Liberty; read more on cite

Beyond opinion polls: Athens comes to New Haven

--Gabriel Kuris

"On a sunny Saturday this past June, two hundred randomly selected men and women sat in the classrooms of an ivied hall at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. For several hours they chatted cordially about municipal cooperation, took a survey, and then returned to their lives as homemakers and accountants from New Haven and its surrounding towns here on the timeworn edge of the nation's most affluent state. This annual event, known as the Citizen's Forum, might be the next-generation model for participatory democracy. Or it might just be a mirage of populism projected from the ivory tower.

"The Citizen's Forum gathers a representative slice of the regional population each year to discuss issues that cross town borders, such as airport expansion, local control over property tax revenue, and early childhood education. The assembled citizens, who are paid to participate, mirror the local population in age, race, income, and geographical distribution (although women and college graduates are persistently, though not deliberately, over-represented). Their day begins with an initial survey on a series of local issues. The participants then study background materials, discuss the issues in small groups with moderators, and pose questions to expert panels. Finally, Forum organizers poll them again on the same issues. The results show that a significant number of participants have changed their minds by the day's end. ..." --Gabriel Kuris, "The Next American City"; read more on cite

Biological Invasions Information Page

--San Francisco Estuary Institute

"...The Biological Invasions Research program started at SFEI in 1997, building upon several years of prior research by Program Director Andrew Cohen on invasions in the San Francisco Estuary. The research has since expanded to include research at numerous sites in North America, Central America and the Caribbean. Findings from this research have been published in leading scientific journals and in the Congressional Record, have influenced the shape of federal legislation and of state legislation in California, Washington and Oregon, and have frequently been covered or cited by the major national news media in print, radio and television.

"Recent Findings:

"• Our study of biological invasions in the San Francisco Estuary found that exotic organisms dominate many important habitats in the ecosystem in terms of species, number of organisms and biomass, leading to the conclusion that it is one of the most invaded aquatic ecosystems and perhaps the most invaded estuary in the world. Our analysis of this data, published in Science in 1998, found that the rate of invasion was accelerating exponentially, with exotic species now arriving and becoming established in the estuary at an average rate of one new species every 14 weeks. ..." --San Francisco Estuary Institute; read more on cite

Body Burden

--Environmental Working Group

"In a study led by Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, in collaboration with the Environmental Working Group and Commonweal, researchers at two major laboratories found an average of 91 industrial compounds, pollutants, and other chemicals in the blood and urine of nine volunteers, with a total of 167 chemicals found in the group. Like most of us, the people tested do not work with chemicals on the job and do not live near an industrial facility.

"Scientists refer to this contamination as a person’s body burden. Of the 167 chemicals found, 76 cause cancer in humans or animals, 94 are toxic to the brain and nervous system, and 79 cause birth defects or abnormal development. The dangers of exposure to these chemicals in combination has never been studied. ..." Environmental Working Group; read more on cite

Living Systems

--Joanna Macy

"The greatest revolution of our time is in the way we see the world. The mechanistic paradigm underlying the Industrial Growth Society gives way to the realization that we belong to a living, self-organizing cosmos. General systems theory, emerging from the life sciences, brings fresh evidence to confirm ancient, indigenous teachings: the Earth is alive, mind is pervasive, all beings are our relations. This realization changes everything. It changes our perceptions of who we are and what we need, and how we can trustfully act together for a decent, noble future. ..." --Joanna Macy; read more on cite

Solar Flares

--Space Weather

"A flare is defined as a sudden, rapid, and intense variation in brightness. A solar flare occurs when magnetic energy that has built up in the solar atmosphere is suddenly released. Radiation is emitted across virtually the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves at the long wavelength end, through optical emission to x-rays and gamma rays at the short wavelength end. The amount of energy released is the equivalent of millions of 100-megaton hydrogen bombs exploding at the same time! The first solar flare recorded in astronomical literature was on September 1, 1859. Two scientists, Richard C. Carrington and Richard Hodgson, were independently observing sunspots at the time, when they viewed a large flare in white light. ..." --spaceweather.com; read more on cite

Evolution's Arrow

by John Stewart

Evolution’s Arrow demonstrates that evolution is directional and progressive, and that this has major consequences for humanity. Without resort to teleology, the book shows that evolution moves in the direction of producing cooperative organizations of greater scale and evolvability - evolution has organised molecular processes into cells, cells into organisms, and organisms into societies.

The book founds this position on a new theory of the evolution of cooperation. It shows how self-interest at the level of genes and individuals does not stand in the way of the movement of evolution toward increasing cooperation. Evolution progresses by discovering ways to build cooperative organizations out of self-interested individuals....

...The book develops and extends the ideas that were first presented by the author in a number of papers published in the international Journals Artificial Life, Evolutionary Theory and The Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems....

Link: read online book on cite.

ConservationEconomy.net: A Pattern Language for Sustainability

A project of Ecotrust

On this site, fifty-seven patterns provide a framework for an ecologically restorative, socially just, and reliably prosperous society. They are adaptable to local ecosystems and cultures, yet universal in their applicability. Together they form what we call a Conservation Economy.

Together, the patterns form a visual and conceptual framework that can be used to inspire innovation, focus planning efforts, and document emerging best practices. A conservation economy comprehensively integrates Social, Natural, and Economic Capital to demonstrate that a sustainable society is both desirable and achievable.

Link: read more on cite.

What's New in Neurofeedback - November 2002

...Perhaps as much as half of what we know about human EEG, Berger knew in his day. He concluded that directing attention toward a stimulus was responsible for fluctuations in alpha activity and the amount of alpha activity reflected the extent of mental processing. He speculated that interhemispheric EEG synchrony was mediated by the thalamus and rejected the claim that the alpha rhythm was generated in occipital cortex exclusively. Beyond these conjectures, he remain curiously silent on the physiological mechanisms responsible for the production of alpha activity.

Link: read more on cite.

Changing Concepts of the Nature of Motion

by Dewey Larson

In the Reciprocal System of theory, motion is defined simply as a relation between space and time, which means that "things" do not participate in the simplest types of motion. For those who were not willing to entertain the possibility that their basic concept of the nature of motion might be wrong, this closed the door to any consideration of the new theory, in spite of the outstanding successes of that theory in dealing with the most recalcitrant and long-standing problems of physical science.

Link: Read more on cite.

Scalar motion - RST Wiki

-by the International Society of Unified Science - ISUS

Scalar motion is a term coined by Dewey B. Larson, author of The Structure of the Physical Universe (North Pacific Publishers, 1959). In this work, later revised and published in three volumes, Larson developed the world's first general physical theory based on his discovery of scalar motion. This theory, called the Reciprocal System of Physical Theory (RST), posits that all matter and energy, in fact, the entire universe, consists of nothing but motion, which is the title of volume one of his work, Nothing But Motion. Volumes two and three, Basic Properties of Matter and The Universe of Motion, respectively, treat the consequences of the theory in the realm of the microcosmic world of matter and the macrocosmic arena of cosmology and astrophysics.

Link: read more on cite.

Idaho Observer: CHEMTRAILS: Nationwide reports indicate "spraying" agenda stepped up in recent months

From the May 2006 Idaho Observer:

CHEMTRAILS: Nationwide reports indicate "spraying" agenda stepped up in recent months

Conspiracies develop among entities compelled to cooperate with one another because each have something to gain should the plot succeed. Whatever material or political gains individual conspirators may realize is their payoff for participating in plots that often produce long-term results (intended or coincidental) that are far more harmful than those that are immediately apparent.

Vortex Basics

"This is the evidence describing the Vortical nature of our curved and divided, Electric Universe, from the so-called " subatomic" to the supergalactic, as opposed to the Curved Space and Time of Einstein's imagination. Including the history of suppression of knowledge and inventions by the global elite and the mechanisms and machinations by which they operate in plain view, without being noticed by the populous at large."

Link: Vortex Basics.

GIC - Mobeus strip symmetry in Hubble 5 and other nebula

Link: GIC - Mobeus strip symmetry in Hubble 5 and other nebula.

Here
is a really
good example of 4-way
up/down criss cross symmetry.
The image came from Hubble screecher
red but does show more than adequately
the symmetry form many nebula take.

More on fundamental bi-polar, by-lateral, and handedness symmetry in galaxies is here
Bi-lateral symmetry in galaxy cores is explored here

Neurophysiology of the brain

Link: Neurophysiology of the brain.

The Neurophysiology of the Brain: Its Relationship to Altered States of Consciousness (With emphasis on the Mystical Experience)

by Dr. Peter Fenwick, Consultant Neurophysiologist to St Thomas's Hospital: Bethlehem Royal Hospital and the Maudsley Hospital: Institute of Psychiatry

Mystical experience has been part of man's nature for thousands of years. Each culture has used these experiences as a basis for their religious practices. Many cultures have devised techniques to produce the mystical experience on demand, while others have found methods which, if practiced by the devotee over many years, allow a different state of subjective consciousness to arise.

However, before discussing religious experience, it is necessary to ask questions about experience itself and personal consciousness and whether or not there are any clear answers as to how we should approach this.

Consciousness arises because of a series of complex actions taking part in the normally functioning brain. By consciousness, I mean the appearance within me of an experiencing self that is able not only to know itself but also is able to differentiate a group of experiences which clearly are not part of itself or part of the body to which it belongs, in fact they come from the outside world. Wigner (1964), in his article `Two Kinds of Reality' summed this up when he said 'There are two kinds of reality of existence; the existence of my consciousness and the reality of everything else. The latter reality is not absolute, but only relative''..excepting immediate sensations and, more generally , the content of my consciousness, everything is a construct, but some constructs are closer, some farther from the direct sensations..'